Raschi, W. (1986)
A morphological analysis of the ampullae of Lorenzini in selected skates (Pisces, Rajoidei). Journal of Morphology, 189(3), 225–247
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051890303
Jacob, B.A. & McEachran, J.D. & Lyons, P.L. (1994)
Electric organs in skates: Variation and phylogenetic significance (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei). Journal of Morphology, 221(1), 45–63
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052210104
Mould, B. (1997)
Classification of the recent Elasmobranchii. Copyright Brian Mould 1997