Common names
Ammenhai, Atlantischer Ammenhai, Bañay, Con barbillas, Gata, Gata común, Gata manchada, Gata nodriza, Gatas, Gullamano, Nodriza, Pejebobo, Pejebodo, Tiburón, Tiburón de arena, Tiburón de barbillas, Tiburón gata, Tiburón gato, Requin dormeur, Requin nourrice, Requin-nourrice, Vache de mer, Carpet shark, Cat shark, Dogfish, Nurse shark, Sand shark, Squalo nutrice, Barroso, Cação arumaru, Cação-lixa, Dormedor, Lambaru, Lixa, Peixe anjo, Tubarao-ama, Tubarao-dormedor, Tubarão-enfermeira, Tubarão-pajem, Urumaru

Short Description
Moderately long barbels, nasoral grooves present but no perinasal grooves, mouth well in front of eyes, spiracles minute, precaudal tail shorter than head and body, dorsal fins broadly rounded (the first much larger than the second and anal fins), caudal fin moderately long, over 1/4 of total length, yellow-brown to grey-brown in color, with or without small dark spots and obscure dorsal saddle markings [518]. Head blunt, mouth inferior, pair of conspicuous barbels between nostrils [17659].

Distribution
Western Atlantic: Rhode Island, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, Antilles. Eastern Atlantic: Cape Verde to Gabon; accidental to France. Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California and southern Baja California, Mexico to Peru. Closely related species are found in the Indian Ocean. Source: www.gbif.org

Human uses
fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: medium; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species

Biology
Ovoviviparous, with 21 to 28 young in a litter. Development of young in the uterus being sustained by a large supply of yolk. Females give birth in late spring and summer in waters off Florida. During courtship, a pair sometimes a triplet of adults engaged in synchronized parallel swimming. While on it, the male may grab one of the female"quot;s pectoral fins with his mouth which induces the female to pivot 90° and roll on her back on the bottom. Then the male inserts a clasper in her vent, and then roll on his back beside the female. Pair may break apart and depart rapidly after copulation or the male may remain motionless on the subtrate as if recovering from the mating bout (Ref. 49562). Not all attempts of males to copulate with a female nurse shark result in successful fertilization, females may employ avoidance by "quot;pivotting and rolling"quot; to escape from male attention (Ref. 49562). Or females may "quot;lie on back"quot; and rest motionless and rigidly on the substrate (Ref. 51113, 49562). On the contrary, females send signals of readiness to copulate with males by arching their body toward their male partner and cupping the pelvic fin (Ref. 51126, 49562). Male nurse sharks may mate with many females over several weeks (polygyny) and vice versa (polyandry) (Ref. 49562). Also Ref. 205. Common over shallow sand flats, in channels, and around coral reefs; Young may be found among prop roots of red mangroves [17659]. Found on continental and insular shelves. A solitary [20078] and sluggish fish, often encountered lying on the bottom (Ref. 9987). Nocturnal, feeding on bottom invertebrates such as spiny lobsters, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, squids, octopi, snails and bivalves, and fishes like catfishes, mullets, puffers and stingrays. Algae is occasionally found in its stomach. This species feeds by sucking in food at high speed through its small mouth and large, bellows-like pharynx. It feeds on big, heavy-shelled conchs by flipping them over and extracting the snail from its shell, presumably with its teeth and by suction. Carnivore (Ref. 57616).

Size / Weight / Age
430 cm TL (male/unsexed; [518]); max. published weight: 109.6 kg (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 25 years (Ref. 72467)

Habitat
reef-associated; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 130 m [531], usually 1 - 35 m (Ref. 40849)

Remarks
shark-references Species-ID=2481; Links: species description at CICIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas)

Parasites (arranged by Jürgen Pollerspöck)
Monogenea

• Erpocotyle ginglymostomae (Brooks, 1934) [17150]

Cestoda

• Dollfusiella lineatus (Linton, 1909) [16112]
• Dollfusiella sp. [16112]
• Dollfusiella tenuispinis (Linton, 1890) [7548] [16112]
• Grillotia sp. [16112]
• Paragrillotia similis (Linton, 1909) [16171] [16304] [12869] [16270] [7548] [16112] [15747]
• Pedibothrium brevispine Linton, 1909 [16171] [17089] [16101] [16196] [13651] [7548] [8159] [23771]
• Pedibothrium globicephalum Linton, 1909 [17089] [16101] [16196] [13651] [7548]
• Pedibothrium lintoni Shinde, Jadhav & Deshmukh, 1980 [16196]
• Pedibothrium longispine Linton, 1909 [16171] [16196] [13651]
• Pedibothrium maccallumi Caira & Pritchard, 1986 [16196] [13651]
• Pedibothrium manteri Caira, 1992 [13651] [8159] [23771]
• Pedibothrium servattorum Caira, 1992 [13651]
• Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti Palm, 1995 [16112]
• Tentacularia lineata (Linton, 1909) [16171]
• Zygorhynchus ginglymostomatis Palm, 2004 [16112]

Nematoda

• Euterranova ginglymostomae (Olsen, 1952) [17029]
• Lockenloia sanguinis Adamson & Caira, 1991 [7593] [31368]
• Mexiconema cichlasomae Moravec, Vidal & Salgado-Maldonado, 1992 [21483]

Copepoda

• Nesippus orientalis Heller, 1868 [16599] [16589]
• Pandarus sinuatus Say, 1818 [16589]

Isopoda

• Rocinela signata Schioedte & Meinert, 1879 [23898]

Hirudinea

• Pontobdella macrothela (Schimarda, 1861) [25687] [17101] [25688] [23771] [33132]