Remarks
Links: species description at CICIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas)

Common names
Cachona, Cornuda, Cornuda comun, Cornuda martillo, Cornuda negra, Cornúa, Morfillo, Pez martillo, Tiburón martillo, Tiburón martillo festoneado, Requin marteau, Requin marteau halicorne, Requin-marteau halicorne, Bronze hammerhead shark, Hammerhead, Hammerhead shark, Kidney-headed shark, Scalloped hamerhead, Scalloped hammer head, Scalloped hammerhead, Scalloped hammerhead shark, Southern hammerhead shark, gebuchteter Hammerhai, Squalo martello smerlato, Cambeva, Cambeva preta, Cação-cornudo, Cação-martelo, Cação-rudela, Cornudo, Peixe-martelo, Rudela, Tubarão martelo comum, Tubarão-martelo, Tubarão-martelo-recortado, Tubarão-mona

Short Description
A large hammerhead with a notch at the center of head; 1st dorsal fin moderately high, 2nd dorsal and pelvic fins low [536]. Front margin of head broadly arched with prominent median notch. Side wings of head narrow, rear margins swept backward [17659]. Uniform grey, grayish brown, or olivaceous above, shading to white below; pectoral fins tipped with grey or black ventrally (Ref. 13562).

Distribution
Circumglobal in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas (Ref. 13562). Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to Uruguay [5839], including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: western Mediterranean (Ref. 6678) to Namibia (Ref. 6812). Indo-Pacific: Red Sea, East Africa and throughout the Indian Ocean; Japan to New Caledonia, Hawaii and Tahiti. Eastern Pacific: southern California, USA to Ecuador, probably Peru.

Human uses
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes

Biology
Viviparous, placental [733], with 13-23 in a litter [1388]; 12-41 pups after a gestation period of 9-10 months [2539]. Size at birth 45-50 cm TL (Ref. 13562); 39-57 cm TL [2539]. It occurs in all tropical and warm-temperate seas. They sometimes congregate over sea mounts or around offshore islands [17645]. A coastal-pelagic, semi-oceanic shark occurring over continental and insular shelves and adjacent deep water, often approaching close inshore and entering enclosed bays and estuaries (Ref. 244, 11230) [17640]. Found in inshore and offshore waters to about 275 m depth [17659] (Ref. 11230) [17640]; has been filmed at a baited camera in 512 m depth (Lis Maclaren, pers. Comm. 2005). Huge schools of small migrating individuals move pole ward in the summer in certain areas [517]. Permanent resident populations also exist [517]. Feeds mainly on teleost fishes, cephalopods and zooplankton (Ref. 568) [1388]; also lobsters, shrimps, crabs (Ref. 30573), including other sharks and rays (Ref. 37816).

Size / Weight / Age
430 cm TL (male/unsexed; [17659]); max. published weight: 152.4 kg (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 35 years (Ref. 31395)

Habitat
pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous [17660]; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 512 m, usually 0 - 25 m (Ref. 26999)

Parasites arranged by Pollerspöck, Jürgen
Monogenea

• Loimosina wilsoni MANTER, 1944 (host Sphyrna diplana = synonym of Sphyrna lewini [17148])

Cestoda

• Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (RUDOLPHI, 1819) PINTNER, 1931 [16112]
• Dasyrhynchus pacificus ROBINSON, 1965 [5977] [16112]
• Diplootobothrium springeri CHANDLER, 1942 [16112]
• Heteronybelinia nipponica (YAMAGUTI, 1952) [16112]
• Heteronybelinia yamagutii (DOLLFUS, 1960) [16112] [16366]
• Mixonybelinia edwinlintoni (DOLLFUS, 1960) [16112]
• Mixonybelinia lepturi PALM, 2004 [16112]
• Nybelinia bilobata PALM, 2004 [16112]
• Nybelinia gopalai CHANDRA & HANUMANTHA RAO, 1985 [16112]
• Nybelinia goreensis DOLLFUS, 1960 [16112]
• Nybelinia sp. [16112]
• Nybelinia sphyrnae YAMAGUTI, 1952 [15747]
• Otobothrium penetrans LINTON, 1907 (synonyms Otobothrium kurisi SHIELDS, 1985 [9638]) [16112] [17826]
• Phoreiobothrium lewinense CAIRA, RICHMOND & SWANSON, 2005 [16205]
• Platybothrium tantulum HEALY, 2003 [7384]
• Symbothriorhynchus tigaminacantha PALM, 2004 [17827]

Trematoda

• Staphylorchis cymatodes (JOHNSTON, 1913) [11242]

Nematoda

• Pulchrascaris chiloscyllii (JOHNSTON & MAWSON, 1951) [17029]
• Terranova galeocerdonis (THWAITE, 1927) [17029]

Copepoda

• Alebion carchariae KRØYER, 1863 [16589] [17000]
• Alebion crassus (BERE, 1936) (synonyms Alebion echinatus CAPART, 1953, host Sphyrna diplana = synonym of Sphyrna lewini [14785]) [17000]
• Alebion elegans CAPART, 1953 [16589]
• Echthrogaleus denticulatus SMITH, 1874 [19356]
• Eudactylina aspera HELLER, 1865 [15303] [15305] [16583]
• Eudactylina pollex CRESSEY, 1967 [16589]
• Kroeyerina scottorum CRESSEY, 1972 [15305] [16589]
• Kroyeria spatulata PEARSE, 1948 [15303]
• Kroyeria sphyrnae RANGNEKAR, 1957 (synonyms Kroyeria praelongacicula LEWIS, 1966 [14785]) [15301]
• Nemesis robusta (VAN BENEDEN, 1851) [15303] [16583]
• Nesippus crypturus HELLER, 1868 [14785] [15303] [16583] [16589] [16599]
• Nesippus orientalis HELLER, 1868 [15284] [15303] [15304] [16583]
• Nogagus borealis STEENSTRUP & LUTKEN, 1861 (synonyms Nesippus borealis STEENSTRUP & LÜTKEN, 1861 [17000])
• Paeon vaissierei DELAMARE-DEBOUTTEVILLE & NUNES- RUIVO, 1954 [14785] [15305]
• Pandarus cranchii LEACH, 1819 [17000]
• Pandarus niger KIRTISINGHE, 1950 [16569]
• Pannosus japonicus (SHIINO, 1960) [15305]
• Perissopus dentatus STEENSTRUP & LÜTKEN, 1861 [16569]
• Pseudopandarus australis CRESSEY & SIMPFENDORFER, 1988 [16569] [16579]

Isopoda

• Gnathia trimaculata COETZEE, SMIT, GRUTTER & DAVIES, 2009 [17188]