Marine (Taeniura lymma) and freshwater (Himantura signifer) elasmobranchs synthesize urea for osmotic water retention. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 78(4), 610–619
DOI: 10.1086/430236
The osmotic response of the Asian freshwater stingray (Himantura signifer) to increased salinity: a comparison with marine (Taeniura lymma) and Amazonian freshwater (Potamotrygon motoro) stingrays. Journal of Experimental Biology, 206(17), 2931–2940
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00510
A comparison of the effects of environmental ammonia exposure on the Asian freshwater stingray Himantura signifer and the Amazonian freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro. Journal of Experimental Biology, 206(20), 3625–3633
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00612