Dumeril, A.H.A. (1865)
Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale. Tome Premier. Elasmobranchés. Plagiostomes et Holocéphales ou Chimères. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris. 720 pp

Garman, S. (1913)
The Plagiostomia (Sharks, Skates and Rays). Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 36, 1–528

Nishida, K. (1990)
Phylogeny of the suborder Myliobatidoidei. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishery of the Hokkaido University, 37(1–2), 1–108

Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.H. (1999)
FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes. part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). Rome, FAO. 1999: 1397–2068

Randall, J.E. & Lim, K.K.P. (2000)
A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 8, 569–667

Manjaji, B.M. (2002)
New Records of Elasmobranch Species from Sabah. In Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management. Proceedings of the conference on Shark and Ray Biodiversity, Conservation and Management, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: 70–77

Vidthayanon, C. (2002)
Elasmobranch diversity and status in Thailand. In Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management. Proceedings of the conference on Shark and Ray Biodiversity, Conservation and Management, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: 104–113

Compagno, L.J.V. (2005)
Checklist of living Chondrichthyes. In W.C. Hamlett (Ed.), Reproductive biology and phylogeny of chondrichthyes: sharks, rays and chimaeras, Vol. 3 (pp. 503–548). Science Publishers, Endfield, USA

Schwartz, F.J. (2007)
Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (Order Myliobatiformes) frequenting the FAO fishing area 61 (20°N 120°E - 50°N 150°E) of the northwest pacific ocean. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 14, 121–130

Schwartz, F.J. (2008)
A survey of tail spine characteristics of stingray species (order Myliobatiformes) frequenting the eastern Pacific Ocean from the international dateline to the Americas. Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 124(3), 72–81

Schwartz, F.J. (2008)
A survey of the tail spine characteristics of stingrays frequenting Indo-Pacific ocean areas between the International Date Line and the Chagos-Maldive Archipelago waters. Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 124(2), 27–45

Shao, K.-T. & Ho, H.-C. & Lin, P.-L. & Lee, P.-F. & Lee, M.-Y. & Tsai, C.-Y. & Liao, Y.-C. & Lin, Y.-C. & Chen, J.-P. & Yeh, H.-M. (2008)
A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 19, 233–271

Schwartz, F.J. (2009)
Ways to identify stingrays of the world possessing or lacking serrated stinging tail spines. Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 125(3), 107–109

Smith, W.D. & Bizzarro, J.J. & Richards, V.P. & Nielsen, J. & Márquez-Farías, J.F. & Shivji, M.S. (2009)
Morphometric convergence and molecular divergence: the taxonomic status and evolutionary history of Gymnura crebripunctata and Gymnura marmorata in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 75(4), 761–783
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02300.x