Fechhelm, J.D. & McEachran, J.D. (1984)
A revision of the electric ray genus Diplobatis with notes on the interrelationships of Narcinidae (Chondrichthyes, Torpediniformes).
Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Science, 29, 171–209
Nishida, K. (1990)
Phylogeny of the suborder Myliobatidoidei.
Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishery of the Hokkaido University, 37(1–2), 1–108