Thorson, T.B. & Langhammer, J.K. & Oetinger, M.I. (1988)
Periodic shedding and replacement of venomous caudal spines, with special reference to South American freshwater stingrays, Potamotrygon spp. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 23(4), 299–314
DOI: 10.1007/BF00005241

da Silva, J.P.C.B. & de Carvalho, M.R. (2015)
Systematics and morphology of Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) and allied forms (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 3982(1), 1–82