Acanthodes confusus

Heidtke, 2011


Classification: Acanthodiformes Acanthodidae

Reference of the original description
Heidtke, U.H.J. (2011)
Neue Erkenntnisse über Acanthodes bronni AGASSIZ 1833. Mitteilungen der Pollichia, 95, 1–14

Types
Acanthodes confusus
Holotype: POL: F 1986/ROT 348a, b;


Description:


Citation: Acanthodes confusus Heidtke, 2011: In: Database of fossil elasmobranch teeth www.shark-references.com, World Wide Web electronic publication, Version 09/2026

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Description
Original diagnosis after Heidtke, 2011 [35443]: Slender acanthodian 75 cm in total length, circumorbital ring composed auf five strongly mineralized segments with asymetric outlines and tubercles on the surface. Neurocranium, jaws and hyoid arch in sub-adult individuals well ossified. Juveniles with long and tender gill rakers and in adults strong and pin-like rakers as a result of change in nutrition. Lower jaws composed of two segments in both sides of the body, ventrally supported by a dermal Splint. Branchiostegal rays in subadult individuals supporting the mouth ventrally and the gill basket abrostrally. Gill basket shorter than skull, composed of five gill arches and setted with curtain-like rows of gill-rakers doubled in juveniles. Shoulder girdle composed of scapula, suprascapula, coracoid and pro¬ coracoid, but often only the scapula is mineralized. Vertebral column sometimes valuable as negative impressions in the hypocaudal lobe of the caudal fin. Pectoral fin, unpaired dorsal fin and anal fin with triangle-shaped outlines of the fin membrane, anteriorly supported by a finspine. Finally there is a short unpaired ventral spine inserted posteriorly of the Shoulder girdle. Caudal fin composed of a long epicaudal lobe and the short hypo-caudal lobe. Skin covered by by small rhomboid shaped scales, reaching up to the Shoulder girdle. Surface of the skull postero-dorsally of the circumorbital ring covered by a triangle-shaped zone of small polygonal tesserae.

Remarks
shark-references Species-ID=17426

References
Dearden, R.P. & Herrel, A. & Pradel, A. (2025)
The pharynx of the iconic stem-group chondrichthyan Acanthodes Agassiz, 1833 revisited with micro-computed tomography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 203(2), Article zlae058
DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae058
Heidtke, U.H.J. (2011)
Revision der unterpermischen Acanthodier ( Acanthodii : Pisces ) des südwestdeutschen SaarNaheBeckens. Mitteilungen der Pollichia, 95, 15–41
Heidtke, U.H.J. (2011)
Neue Erkenntnisse über Acanthodes bronni AGASSIZ 1833. Mitteilungen der Pollichia, 95, 1–14