Alopias vulpinus

Reference of the original description

Bonnaterre, J.P. (1788)
Ichthyologie. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Paris, 215 p., pl. A–B + 1–100.

Image of the original description

Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Synonyms / new combinations and misspellings
Alopecias barrae, Alopecias chilensis, Alopecias longimana, Alopecias vulpes, Alopias aff. vulpinus, Alopias caudatus, Alopias cf. vulpinus, Alopias greyi, Alopias macrourus, Alopias vulpes, Alopias vulpines, Alopias vulpinnis, Carcharias vulpes, Galeus vulpecula, Squalus alopecias, Squalus vulpes, Squalus vulpinus, Vulpecula marina

Types
Alopias vulpinus
XXXX: No types known;
Alopias caudatus
Holotype: NMV: 58434 Paratype: NMNZ: ?
Alopias greyi
Holotype: AMNH: ?
Alopias macrourus
XXXX: No types known;
Galeus vulpecula
XXXX: No types known;
Squalus alopecias
XXXX: No types known;
Squalus vulpes
XXXX: No types known;
Vulpecula marina
Holotype: MCZ: 1166-S;

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Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788); © FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ebert, D.A. 2014. On Board Guide for the Identification of Pelagic Sharks and Rays of the Western Indian Ocean. Reproduced with permission, illustration by Marc Dando , Wildlife Illustrator

Common names
$deu $T$$ Drescher, $deu $T$$ Drescherhai, $deu $T$$ Fuchshai, $deu $T$$ Langschweif, $deu $T$$ Seefuchs, spa

Azotador,

Chichi espada, spa

Coleto,

Coludo,

Coludo pinto, spa

Grillo,

Guadaña,

Peje sable, spa

Peje zorra, spa

Peje zorro, spa

Pejerrabo, spa

Pejezorro, spa

Pez espada, spa

Pez palo,

Pez zorro, spa

Pichirata, spa

Rabo de zorra, spa

Raposa,

Raposa marina, spa

Tiburon zorro, spa

Tiburón pez zorro, spa

Tiburón zorro común, spa

Zorra de mar, spa

Zorro,

Zorro blanco, spa

Zorro de mar, $fra $T$$ Faux, $fra $T$$ Loup de mer, $fra $T$$ Poisson-épée, $fra $T$$ Pèis rato, $fra $T$$ Renard, $fra $T$$ Renard de mer, $fra $T$$ Renard marin, $fra $T$$ Requin renard, $fra $T$$ Requin-renard, $fra $T$$ Singe de mer, $fra $T$$ Thon blanc, eng

Atlantic thresher, eng

Big-eye thresher, eng

Common thresher, eng

Fox shark, eng

Grayfish,

Green thresher, eng

Sea fox,

Slasher,

Swingletail, eng

Swiveltail, eng

Swivetail, eng

Thintail thresher, eng

Thrasher,

Thresher,

Thresher shark, eng

Tresher shark, eng

Whip-tailed shark, eng

Zorro thresher shark, ita

Pei ratu,

Pesce bandiera, ita

Pesce pavone, ita

Pesce spada, ita

Pesce volpe, ita

Pesce volpe comune, ita

Pesciu rattu, ita

Pisce bandiera, ita

Pisci bannera, ita

Pisci cuda longa, ita

Pisci cudutu, ita

Pisci sciabula turca, ita

Pisci surci, ita

Sorcio,

Squalo volpe, ita

Surci "mperiali, ita

Volpe,

Volpe de mar, ita

Volpe di mare, por

Cacao-raposa, por

Cação-pena, por

Peixe-rato, por

Rabilongo, por

Raposo,

Romano,

Romão,

Tubarao-raposo, por

Tubarão raposo, por

Tubarão-raposa, por

Tubarão-zorra, por

Tubarão-zorro, por

Zoro cauda longa, por

Zorra,

Zorro, Pixxivolpi (malta)

Short Description
A large thresher with relatively small eyes, curved, narrow-tipped pectoral fins, a narrow-tipped caudal fin, and a conspicuous white patch over the pectoral fin bases [536]. Second dorsal origin well behind the rear tip of the pelvic fin (Ref. 559). Upper lobe of caudal fin very long and strap-like, about as long as or longer than length of rest of shark; lower lobe short but well developed [20050]. Brown, grey, blue-grey, or blackish on back and underside of snout, lighter on sides and abruptly white below; a white area extends from the abdomen over the pectoral-fin bases; pectoral-, pelvic-, and dorsal fins blackish, white dots sometimes present on pectoral-, pelvic-, and caudal- fin tips [20050]. Diet: US. Pacific Coast (data base: 165 stomachs examined, 107 contained food representing a total of 20 taxa): northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) was the most important in the diet (GI1 = 48.2), followed by Pacific hake (Merluccius productus; GI1 = 31.2), Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus; GI1 = 24.8), and Pacific sardine (Savdinops sagax; GI1 = 9.2). Of the invertebrates, squid (Teuthoidea, including Loligo opalescenr; GI1 = 6.3), and pelagic red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes; GI1 = 6.6), were also important. [13743]; US. Pacific Coast (difference bettween an cool-water oceanographic regime, July 1999 through May 2000 and an warm-water/transitional period, August 1998 through January 1999): Of the samples examined from the cool-water period, only 8 prey taxa were found, revealing a narrower trophic spectrum than found during the previous warmwater/ transitional period, when 20 prey taxa were identified. As in the warm-water/transitional period, northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) was the most important overall prey, even more dominant than in the previous period. Additionally, market squid (Loligo opalescens) was second in importance and dramatically more prevalent in the cool-water period than in the warm-water/transitional period. Other important diet items in the cool-water period, in descending order of importance, were “unidentified teleosts”; Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax); Pacific hake (Merluccius productus); and Pacific or chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus): these were also among the top six items in the previous warm-water/transitional period. [16893];

Distribution
Cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical seas [1388]. Western Atlantic: Newfoundland, Canada to Cuba, Gulf of Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil to Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: Norway and British Isles to the Mediterranean, Morocco, Ghana and Côte d"quot;Ivoire; also Cape Province, South Africa. Indo-Pacific: scattered localities from the Gulf of Aden and East Africa to the Hawaiian, Society and Fanning islands. Eastern Pacific: Canada to Chile. Population considered reduced (R) in the US Atlantic waters; lower risk/conservation dependent (LR/CD) in US Pacific waters; data deficient (DD) in the rest of Atlantic and rest of Pacific [20064]. Highly migratory species, Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea [20076]. Source: www.gbif.org

Human uses
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes

Biology
Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on the ova produced by the mother after the yolk sac is absorbed (oophagy) [733], 2 to 4 young in a litter (usually 2) [518]. Size at birth 114-150 cm [518]. Distinct pairing with embrace [17086]. Occurs on the continental shelf and slope (Ref. 75154).

Size / Weight / Age
760 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 6885)); 549 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 348.0 kg (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 19 years [2246]

Habitat
pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous [17660]; marine; depth range 0 - 550 m [578], usually 0 - 200 m (Ref. 55168)

Remarks
shark-references Species-ID=198; CITES: (see: Protected Species for more details) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora annex: II; Council Regulation 2017/160 annex: B

Parasites (arranged by Jürgen Pollerspöck)
Monogenea