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NEWSLETTER 11/2024 04.11.2024
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Please acknowledge use of the database www.shark-references.com in your publications, and cite:
Pollerspöck, J. & Straube, N. 2024, Bibliography database of living/fossil sharks, rays and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali), www.shark-references.com, World Wide Web electronic publication, Version 2024 |
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ New publication by J. Pollerspöck, team shark-references! Open access. Pollerspöck J, Shimada K (2024) The first recognition of the enigmatic fossil shark genus Megalolamna (Lamniformes, Otodontidae) from the lower Miocene of Europe and M. serotinus (Probst, 1879) as the newly designated type species for the genus. Zitteliana 98: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.98.e131387 download via journal website or ResearchGate  Abstract: Megalolamna is an elusive extinct shark genus (Lamniformes: Otodontidae) previously known from the upper Oligocene–Miocene of the USA, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Japan. Here, we document the first occurrence of Megalolamna from Miocene marine deposits in Europe, specifically from Austria, France, Germany, and Italy. Although the taxon is regarded as a monospecific genus, this study reveals that the species name serotinus has the priority over any previously used names for the taxon and thus redescribes it as Megalolamna serotinus (Probst), comb. nov. This study is also significant because it demonstrates the existence of Megalolamna in the Mediterranean and Paratethys seas during the Miocene. Megalolamna inhabited the tropical–mid-latitudinal zones with spotty but wide geographic distribution. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
Shark reference custom search tool and maintenance
Update to Phase 1!
In the meantime, our programmer has been able to programme a version of the necessary software so that our pdf's can be read and the text imported into the database. The first attempts are promising. In the meantime, the text of around 5000 articles has been imported into the database. We expect to be able to complete this process by the end of the year. Then, in a second step, the search function at shark-references will be expanded.
Our sincere thanks to all donors!!!
Fins up,
Jürgen & Nico
Some changes in the web-page organisation: We added a new ‚TOOLS‘ menu item- all available tools will be available here from now, for example a guide how to download species specific literature lists. Please check it out! 
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Since we were asked several times, if we could help distributing chondrichthyan-related job opportunities, we would like to try this out as a new category in the newsletter besides postings on our Facebook page. This category definitely depends on the community sharing job openings, so please do not hesitate and send us vacancies or similar.
Right now, we have four interesting job openings. We will keep it simple and just crosslink: |
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Fishery Bulletin now accepting review articles
Fishery Bulletin is now accepting submissions of review articles of exceptional quality.
Fishery Bulletin is a federally funded, public domain journal published quarterly by NOAA. The journal carries original research and interpretative articles on all scientific fields that bear on marine fisheries and marine biology. There are no fees to publish with Fishery Bulletin. All published articles are available on our website without charge to readers.
After 85 years as a venue for high-quality review articles, the NOAA journal Marine Fisheries Review will suspend publication in the fall of 2024. The journal’s legacy of publishing timely review articles on marine fisheries science, however, will continue on the pages of Fishery Bulletin. Review articles will be published under the banner A Marine Fisheries Review.
Topics for in-depth reviews in Fishery Bulletin will include fisheries science, biology, engineering, and economics, commercial and recreational fisheries, and U.S. and foreign fisheries developments. Manuscripts should include an abstract, but the format of the article will be left to the author. Please contact the scientific editor to discuss your ideas regarding a potential review article before embarking on such a project. Once agreed upon, manuscripts should be submitted online at the ScholarOne Manuscripts website for Fishery Bulletin.
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About Fishery Bulletin
The quarterly Fishery Bulletin is one of the oldest and most respected fisheries journals in the world. It has been an official publication of the U.S. government since 1881, under various titles. It carries original research and interpretative articles on all fields of marine fisheries science and marine biology.
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NEW PARTNERS OF SHARK-REFERENCES
Would you like to become a shark-reference partner? Please contact us per E-mail!
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Upcoming Meetings:
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There has been increasing global interest in basking shark distribution, population status, and sightings trends in recent decades, coinciding with new technologies and methods for monitoring highly mobile marine species. Additionally, there is growing consensus that international coordination is required to manage and conserve this endangered species. The IBSG and the National Parks and Wildlife Service therefore plan to organise and host an International Basking Shark Conference in Galway, Ireland from May 9 - 11, 2025, to coincide with the basking shark season here. The goals of this conference are interdisciplinary:
1) to create a global discussion of ongoing research
2) to encourage international collaboration and data sharing
3) to highlight the unique cultural history of the species.
To this end, while we will prioritize the attendance of researchers, the conference will be accessible to non-scientists as well.
https://www.baskingshark.ie/conference2025
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The 68th Annual Meeting of the Palaeontological Association will be held at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, in the city of Erlangen in northern Bavaria, Germany, 9th–13th December 2024. This will be the first time that the Annual Meeting will take place in Germany.
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Symposium Overview:
Public aquariums showcase aquatic life while raising awareness and educating the public on biodiversity and the need for conservation. Recently, aquaria have followed in the footsteps of zoos by taking more directed approaches in species conservation as well as leveraging animals in their collections to fill biological knowledge gaps through research. Aquaria possess some unique qualities that can be applied to elasmobranch research and conservation efforts. In addition to the increasing number of institutions that now support dedicated research departments or staff, aquaria have considerable public audiences (both physical and virtual), ambassador animals to foster deeper connections and empathy for species, dedicated education departments typically focused from the preschool to high school level, comprehensive communication departments with media connections, and extensive animal care and specialized veterinarian teams. Through these expertise aquaria are able to house animals that are often not feasible to care for in traditional academic settings, and for long durations often throughout entire life cycles, allowing important life history information to be investigated.
There has been a longstanding involvement of aquarium professionals in the American Elasmobranch Society, best highlighted by the career and research accomplishments of the late Alan Henningsen. However, the number of AES members who represent aquaria has dwindled over the past few decades. We hope that this symposium will highlight these past connections, including Alan’s legacy, encouraging more aquaria personnel who attend to sustain their memberships and take more active roles moving forward to engage with other members of AES from different sectors (e.g. academia, nonprofits, etc). Equally, we anticipate that this will further highlight and promote collaborative opportunities between aquaria and AES members to the broader benefit of the elasmobranch research field in general.
Symposium organizers:
Jennifer Wyffels, wyffels@ripleys.com
Steve Kessel, skessel@sheddaquarium.org
Kady Lyons, klyons@georgiaaquarium.org
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The annual meeting of the Asian Society of Ichthyologists and the Indo-Pacific Fish Conference will return to their regular schedule post-COVID-19. The most recent meetings were successfully held at Universiti Sains Malaysia in Penang, Malaysia, on May 28-29, 2024, and at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, on November 20-24, 2023. We are pleased to inform you that the upcoming joint conference, combining these two prestigious ichthyological events, will take place in Taipei, Taiwan, from June 9-13, 2025.
On behalf of the organizing committee, we welcome ichthyologists from around the world who are interested in sharing research about the systematics and ecology of Asian and Indo-Pacific fishes, including topics such as evolution, biogeography, taxonomy, ecology, biology, sustainable fisheries, and conservation. We look forward to the opportunity for the ASI to meet with the IPFC and are especially happy to do so in Taipei. The conference will provide an excellent opportunity to share the latest research results, develop collaborations, and promote research.
more information
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Registrations are open for the second edition of the workshop “Sharks of the Maldives: Introduction to field-based research and monitoring techniques” which will take place on the Liveaboard M/Y Island Safari 2 in the Central Atolls of the Maldives from the 5 to the 12 April 2025. The workshop is realised through the collaboration of MaRHE Center of the University of Milano-Bicocca, with Shark Research Mexico and White Wave Maldives. During this workshop, participants will work alongside marine scientists on a scientific expedition in the Maldives, where they will learn, dive and train in scientific monitoring techniques. The goal of this expedition is to introduce you to both theoretical knowledge and the practical skills necessary for conducting, assisting and supporting research projects focused on shark population surveys and data collection.
The workshop will be carried in English out through theoretical lessons and practical activities through SCUBA diving. It is requested to have an Advanced open water license and at least 30 logged dives. Registrations are open until 19th January 2025
Click https://marhe.unimib.it/activities/education/sharks-of-the-maldives/ for the full program and registrations. For info write to workshop.marhe@unimib.it or davide.seveso@unimib.it
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If you would like us to post information about your newly published work, please send us a picture and the paper as a pdf to nicolas.straube@shark-references.com or juergen.pollerspoeck@shark-references.com.
Nr. 1 (82 Likes/Emojis, 27 Shares):
Many thanks to David Ruiz García for sharing latest research:
-OPEN ACCESS-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/.../pii/S0048969724071559...
Adapting to a pollution hotspot? Catsharks shift to plastic substrates for oviposition
Blanca Figuerola, David Ruiz-García, Arnau Subías-Baratau, Alberto Maceda-Veiga, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Claudio Barría
ABSTRACT
lastic pollution is widely recognized as one of the major threats to marine ecosystems. However, our knowledge on the ecological interactions between plastic and marine fauna is still limited. Here, we analyzed the substrate preferences for oviposition in the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) and explored the influence of pollution, environmental conditions, and fishing pressure as potential drivers. For the first time, we report this catshark species using marine debris for oviposition, unraveling a behavioral shift in the oviposition substrate preferences towards plastics, particularly ghost fishing gear, when biological substrates are unavailable. Our
results indicate that this behavioral change may be driven by the combined effects of plastic pollution and habitat degradation. Preferences also change with depth, with a larger preference for the hydrozoan Lytocarpia myriophyllum on the continental shelf, followed by sponges, as in this region mesophotic and deep benthic communities are still more abundant although impacted by human pressures. In contrast, on the continental slope, the preference shifts to tube-dwelling polychaetes and plastics, primarily ghost fishing gear, due to the limited.
Keywords: Marine litter, Habitat degradation, Artificial substrates, Ghost gear, Chondrichthyan Benthos
Reference:
Blanca Figuerola, David Ruiz-García, Arnau Subías-Baratau, Alberto Maceda-Veiga, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Claudio Barría,
Adapting to a pollution hotspot? Catsharks shift to plastic substrates for oviposition, Science of The Total Environment,
Volume 955, 2024, 176998, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176998.
Shark References:
https://shark-references.com/.../view/Scyliorhinus-canicula
Image copyrights:
Eggs: Arnau Subias
Nr. 2 (52 Likes/Emojis, 18 Shares):
New OPEN ACCESS publication:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70677-z#citeas
Maternal risk-management elucidates the evolution of reproductive adaptations in sharks by means of natural selection
Dennis Deeken, Catherine Macdonald, Alison Gainsbury, Michelle L. Green &
Deby L. Cassill
ABSTRACT
Maternal investment theory is the study of how breeding females allocate resources between offspring size and brood size to achieve reproductive success. In classical trade-off models, r/K-selection and bet-hedging selection, the primary predictors of maternal investments in offspring are population density and resource stability. In crowded, stable environments, K-selected females invest in large offspring at an equivalent cost in brood size. In uncrowded, unstable environments, r-selected females invest in large broods at an equivalent cost in offspring size. In unpredictable resource environments, bet-hedging females invest moderately in brood size and offspring size. The maternal risk-management model represents a profound departure from classical trade-off models. Maternal investments in offspring size, brood size, and brood number are shaped independently by autonomous risk factors: the duration of gaps in resources during seasonal cycles, rates of predation, and unpredictable catastrophic events. To date, no single model has risen to a position of preeminence. Here in sharks, we show that maternal investments within and across species do not agree with the predictions of trade-off models and instead agree with the predictions of the maternal risk-management model. Within and across shark species, offspring size and brood size were independent maternal investment strategies. The risk of starvation favored investments in larger offspring. The risk of predation favored investments in larger broods. If empirical studies continue to confirm its predictions, maternal-risk management may yet emerge as a unifying model of diverse reproductive adaptations by means of natural selection.
Reference: Deeken, D., Macdonald, C., Gainsbury, A. et al. Maternal risk-management elucidates the evolution of reproductive adaptations in sharks by means of natural selection. Sci Rep 14, 20088 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70677-z
Nr. 3 (43 Likes/Emojis, 12 Shares):
New paper on Southern eagle ray tapeworms:
https://zse.pensoft.net/article/131971/
Molecular phylogeny, including a new species of Anindobothrium (Cestoda, Rhinebothriidea) from the Southern eagle ray Myliobatis goodei, finally solves the taxonomic enigma of Phyllobothrium myliobatidis
Guillermina García Facal, Sebastián Franzese, Martín Miguel Montes, Adriana Menoret
ABSTRACT
During a parasitological survey of tapeworms from Myliobatis goodei Garman, 1885 (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae) in coastal waters off Argentina in the Southwestern Atlantic, a new rhinebothriidean cestode species, Anindobothrium danielae sp. nov., is described using morphological and molecular techniques. This species differs from its congeners by a particular combination of features, including the configuration of the bothridia, the number of marginal loculi, and the number and distribution of testes. Additionally , Anindobothrium myliobatidis comb. nov. is proposed based on several morphological traits, including the presence of stalked bothridia with marginal loculi and an apical sucker, euapolytic strobila, and postvaginal testes. The diagnosis of the genus Anindobothrium Marques, Brooks & Lasso, 2001 is amended to include the features exhibited by these two species; two species subsets are suggested based on the configuration of the bothridia. The presence of A. danielae sp. nov. and A. myliobatidis comb. nov. in the studied area not only increases the number of cestodes in M. goodei here from eight to ten but also represents the first report of a rhinebothriidean cestode parasitizing stingrays of the family Myliobatidae in the Southwestern Atlantic.
Shark References:
https://shark-references.com/species/view/Myliobatis-goodei
Image:
Myliobatis goodei Garman, 1885 (ERB 0533), female, 47, 5 cm DW, 56, 5 cm TL, La Paloma, Rocha, Uruguay © Frederik H. Mollen (Elasmobranch Research Belgium)
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Missing papers:
Many thanks to all friends of shark-references, who sent us some missing papers last month!
Shark-References would kindly like to ask you for your contribution to this project.
At the moment we are looking for some of the following papers:
Extinct Chondrichthyes:
new entry: Silva, E.M. & Gallo, V. (2002): New occurrence of Myliobatiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea) in the Maria Farinha Formation, Paleocene of the Pernambuoc-Paraiba Basin, Northeastern Brazil. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 65, 1–11
new entry: Cheng, G.F. & Mu, S.Y. & Yin, G. & Liu, G. (2004): The helicoprionid fossil from Lower Permian Maokou Stage in Weining, Guizhou province. Acta Geoscientia Sinica, 24, 443–445
new entry: Chang, M.-M. & Jin, F. (1996): Mesozoic fish faunas of China. In G. Arratia & G. Viohl (Eds.), Mesozoic Fishes 1 – Systematics and Paleoecology (pp. 461–478). Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil
Extant Chondrichthyes:
new entry: Pokapunt, W,J. & Tantivala, A. & Munprasit & Samrankitdamrong, P. (1983) Some deep-sea fishes in the Andaman Sea. Exploratory Fishing Division, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, 70 pp.
new entry: Shcherbachev, Y.N. & Levitsky, V.N. & Portsev, P.D. (1978) On records of the rare species of deep-sea fishes from off Southern Africa. Tr.Inst.OkeanoI./Trans. P.P.Shirshov Inst.Oceanol., 111: 185–194
new entry: Tanaka, S. (1917) Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan, including the Riukiu Islands, Bonin Islands, Formosa, Kurile Islands, Korea, and southern Sakhalin. Figures and Descriptions of the Fishes of Japan, 26: 455–474, Pls. 126–130
new entry: Falkenheim, M. (1937): Fegato, maturita sessuale e gestazione negli Squali. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 16, 212
Please support www.shark-references.com and send missing papers (not listed papers or papers without the info-symbol) to juergen.pollerspoeck@shark-references.com or nicolas.straube@shark-references.com
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TAXONOMIC NEWS/ NEW SPECIES
Extant Chondrichthyes:
White, W.T. & O'Neill, H.L. & Yang, L. & Naylor, G.J.P. (2024): Reallocation of the magnificent catshark Proscyllium magnificum Last & Vongpanich, 2004 to the genus Ctenacis Compagno, 1973 (Carcharhiniformes: Proscylliidae). Journal of Fish Biology, in press
New combination: Ctenacis magnificum
Abstract: The magnificent catshark Proscyllium magnificum was described in 2004 based off five specimens collected in the Andaman Sea off Myanmar. It was originally allocated to the genus Proscyllium, but recent molecular analyses suggested it was more closely related to the harlequin catshark Ctenacis fehlmanni from the western Indian Ocean. This study incorporated meristics and external and internal morphology, together with molecular data to reclassify the magnificent catshark as Ctenacis magnificum and provides revised diagnoses for the genera Ctenacis and Proscyllium. Ctenacis consists of two allopatric Indian Ocean species, while Proscyllium is monotypic genus confined to the northwest Pacific. The revised Ctenacis can be distinguished from Proscyllium in having a broader and longer head (head length 21%–23% vs. 16%–18% of total length), distance between pectoral and pelvic bases shorter than head length (vs. greater than head length), more teeth (upper jaw with 80–86 vs. 46–62 tooth files), and a complex colour pattern of dark reddish-brown blotches and saddles (vs. colour pattern of small black spots). A revised key to the genera of proscylliids and species of Ctenacis is provided.
Extinct Chondrichthyes:
Migom, F. (2024): The genus Heterodontus in the Early Paleogene of the North Sea Basin and the Landes, France. Palaeo lchthyologica, 17, 1–60
New species: Heterodontus adneti
Abstract: Type material of the four nominal Palaeocene-Eocene species of Heterodontus from the North Sea Basin, H. lerichei Casier, 1943b, Heterodontus vincenti (Leriche, 1905), Heterodontus wardenensis Casier, 1966 and Heterodontus woodwardi Casier, 1946 is restudied, based on a very detailed analysis of H. vincenti specimens recovered from the Ypresian of Egem (Belgium) and on morphological, stratigraphical and environmental considerations and on intraspecific and interspecific conclusions from a study on the extant species Heterodontus mexicanus Taylor & Castro-Aguirre, 1972 and Heterodontus quoyi (Frémenville, 1840) (see Migom & Hoedemakers, 2023). This led to the realization that several of the above fossil species represent, in fact, different ontogenetic stages of the same species. In this work, a specimen from the original type series of H. vincenti is formally designated as lectotype and other specimens are designated as paralectotypes. Dignathic and gynandric heterodonty is observed in H. vincenti and interspecific heterodonty with this species is demonstrated through a comparison with the above Recent species. A partial overview of the ontogenetic characteristics of the Palaeocene H. lerichei is presented. Heterodontus adneti nov. sp. is defined for specimens formerly described as Heterodontus cf. vincenti, sensu Adnet (2006). Figured specimens in Adnet (2006) are designated as holotype and paratype. Other putative Heterodontus species are identified from literature but I refrain from formally describing them as these specimens were not studied. Finally, a new set of characteristics, based amongst others on interspecific differences with the above-mentioned extant species, is suggested to identify H. vincenti and H. lerichei.
Malyshkina, T.P. & Nazarkin, M.V. (2024): Frilled Sharks (Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae): New Data on Their Diversity and Distribution. Paleontological Journal, 58, 567–577
New species: Chlamydoselachus kamchaticus
Abstract: Findings of frilled sharks (both fossil and modern) are very rare, primarily due to their deep-sea lifestyle. A tooth of frilled shark Chlamydoselachus kamchaticus sp. nov. has been found in the Upper Eocene sediments of the Peresheek Mountain Formation on Karaginsky Island (Bering Sea, off northeastern Kamchatka). The large size of the tooth suggests a fish size close to the maximum for the genus, more than twice the size of modern Chlamydoselachus. This find is northernmost for fossil frilled sharks and located 20° north of the modern northern limit of the genus’ distribution in the Pacific Ocean. This may indicate a warmer climate in the Late Eocene than the current climate conditions in the region of Eastern Kamchatka.
Popov, E.V. & Lopyrev, V.A. & Yarkov, A.A. (2024): A New Genus of Kitefin Sharks (Squaliformes, Dalatiidae) from the Berezovaya Strata (Lower Paleocene) of the Lower Volga Region. Paleontological Journal, 58, 556–566
New genus: Danodalatias
New species: Danodalatias ochevi
Abstract: A new genus and species of kitefin sharks (Squaliformes: Dalatiidae), Danodalatias ochevi gen. et sp. nov., is described based on isolated teeth from the lower part of the Berezovaya Strata (Lower Paleocene, Danian Stage) in the vicinity of the farmstead of Rasstrigin (Volgograd Region). The teeth of Centroselachus goordi Mannering et Hiller, 2008 from the Paleocene of New Zealand are reclassified here as Danodalatias goordi (Mannering et Hiller, 2008) comb. nov. The association of these two species with a bipolar distribution into the genus Danodalatias gen. nov. suggests that kitefin sharks (Dalatiidae) were globally distributed back in the Early Cenozoic and inhabited both shallow epicontinental and relatively deep ocean shelf environments during that time.
Duffin, C.J. & Batchelor, T.J. (2024): A chondrichthyan fauna from the Vectis Formation (Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 312(3), 325–354
New species: Pteroscyllium sweetmani, Eostriatolamia iktensis
Abstract: Sampling of the upper parts of the Vectis Formation (Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous) exposed at Atherfield point on the Isle of Wight (UK) for microvertebrates has yielded a marine, possibly pliohaline chondrichthyan fauna comprising isolated teeth of hybodont sharks (Lonchidion breve, Vectiselachos ornatus and Parvodus parvidens) and two new neoselachians. The latter consist of the scyliorhinoid-like carcharhiniform Pteroscyllium sweetmani sp. nov. and the primitive lamniform Eostriatolamia iktensis sp. nov. The presence of microborings assigned to Mycelites ossifragus and preferentially exploiting the tissues of the roots suggests that sedimentation rates were slow enough to permit colonisation of shed teeth, and that bioerosion probably accounts for a certain amount of taphonomic loss from the fauna.
Parasites:
no news this month
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Latest Research Articles
Extant Chondrichthyes:
Anderson, B.N. & Horstmyer, L. & Ballard, K.L. & Dodd, J.F. & Sulikowski, J.A. (2024): First evidence of predation on an adult porbeagle equipped with a pop-off satellite archival tag in the Northwest Atlantic. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, Article 1406973 https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1406973
Bouyoucos, I.A. & Simpfendorfer, C.A. & Schwieterman, G.D. & Eustache, K.B. & Thiault, L. & Planes, S. & Rummer, J.L. (2024): No effects of abiotic and anthropogenic factors on reef-associated neonate shark abundance within a shark nursery-area system. Marine and Freshwater Research, 75(14), Article Mf24080 https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf24080
Buckner, C. & George, R.H. & Bulman, F. & Durrett, J. & Handsel, T. & Wyffels, J.T. (2024): Cesarian section and long-term outcomes for cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus). Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, Article 1411769 https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1411769
Burt, J.A. & Torres-Florez, J.P. & Rodrigue, M. & Nelson, C. & Chance, M. (2024): First Record of Bramble Sharks, Echinorhinus brucus (Echinorhiniformes, Echinorhinidae), in the United Arab Emirates. Diversity, 16, Article 614 https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16100614
Byrne, M.E. & Dewar, H. & Vaudo, J.J. & Wetherbee, B.M. & Shivji, M.S. (2024): You Shall Not Pass: The Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone Creates a Boundary to Shortfin Mako Shark Distribution in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean. Diversity and Distributions, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13924
Caracausi, L. & Da Ros, Z. & Premici, A. & Gennari, E. & Fanelli, E. (2024): Trophic Ecology of the Pyjama Shark Poroderma africanum (Gmelin, 1789) Elucidated by Stable Isotopes. Animals, 14(17), Article 2559 https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14172559
Cardeñosa, D. (2024): Oceanic whitetip shark cookies: Evidence of multiple predation events by an opportunistic mesopelagic predator on a large epipelagic shark. Journal of Fish Biology, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15913
Davenport, D. & Butcher, P. & Andreotti, S. & Matthee, C. & Jones, A. & Ovenden, J. (2024): Correction to Effective number of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, Linnaeus) breeders is stable over four successive years in the population adjacent to eastern Australia and New Zealand Ecology and Evolution, 14(9), Article e70221 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70221
de Araújo, C.B.B. & de Mendonça, S.A. & Viana, D.D. & Martins, M.D. & Costa, P.G. & Bianchini, A. & de Oliveira, P.G.V. & Torres, R.A. & Hazin, F.H.V. & Adamb, M.L. (2024): Corrigendum to Effects of blood metal(loid) concentrations on genomic damages in sharks Environ. Pollut. 359 (2024) 124569. Environmental Pollution, 361, Article 124708 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124708
Fee, K. & Zabransky, K. & Burgess, E. & Baeza, J.A. (2025): The complete mitochondrial genome of the imperiled Bullnose ray Myliobatis freminvillei (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae) with comments on its phylogenetic position and claims of diversifying selection affecting protein coding genes in a closely related species. Gene, 933, Article 148902 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2024.148902
Ferragut-Perello, F. & Sánchez-Zulueta, P. & Ramírez-Amaro, S. & Farriols, M.T. & Pasini, N. & Guijarro, B. & Rodríguez-Cabello, C. & Ordines, F. (2024): Elasmobranch Mark-Recapture Experiment off the Balearic Islands: Insight into Scyliorhinus canicula Growth, Mobility, and Population Size. Fishes, 9(8), Article 315 https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes9080315
Figuerola, B. & Ruiz-García, D. & Subías-Baratau, A. & Maceda-Veiga, A. & Sanchez-Vidal, A. & Barría, C. (2024): Adapting to a pollution hotspot? Catsharks shift to plastic substrates for oviposition. Science of The Total Environment, 955, Article 176998 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176998
Fogliarini, C.O. & Haimovici, M. & Cardoso, L.G. (2024): Bycatch and discard rates assessment of the gillnet fishery in the southern Brazil. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 78, Article 103753 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103753
Gajic, A.A. (2024): The first report of adult blue shark surviving severe head impalement by a swordfish, with an overview of similar incidents. Marine Biodiversity, 54(5), Article 73 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-024-01468-y
Gao, G. & Zhang, F.H. & Li, W.S. & Liu, Y.X. & Xu, W.J. & Yang, C.J. & Shao, G.B. & Wang, K. & Xiao, Z.Z. (2024): Genomic analysis and behavioral ecology records of the vulnerable Kong skate (Okamejei kenojei). Integrative Zoology, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12900
Gayford, J.H. & Waghe, R. & Sternes, P.C. & Tyabji, Z. (2024): Allometric Growth and Scaling of Body Form of the Spadenose Shark (Scoliodon laticaudus). Ecology and Evolution, 14, Article e70414 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70414
Gooden, A. & Clarke, T.M. & Meyer, L. & Huveneers, C. (2024): Corrigendum to “Wildlife tourism has little energetic impact on the world's largest predatory shark” [Anim Behav 207 (2024) 247–265] Animal Behaviour, 216, 235–236 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.07.001
Gore, M. & Kohler, J. & Ormond, R. & Gallagher, A. & Fernandes, T. & Austin, T. & Pattengill-Semmens, C. (2024): Corrigendum: Renewed occurrence of schooling scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) and of great hammerhead (S. mokarran) sharks in the Cayman Islands Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, Article 1477668 https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1477668
Guo, Y.W. & Wang, R.Q. & Wang, Y. & Zheng, F.J. & Chen, J.Q. & Lyu, Z. & Yuan, C. & Liu, L.L. & Jiang, X.F. (2024): Screening and anti-angiogenesis activity of Chiloscyllium plagiosum anti-human VEGFR2 single-domain antibody. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cei/uxae060
Hansell, A.C. & McManus, M.C. (2025): Integrating fisheries independent surveys to account for the spatiotemporal dynamics of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in US waters of the northwest Atlantic. Fisheries Research, 281, Article 107173 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2024.107173
Harry, A.V. & Baremore, I.E. & Piercy, A.N. (2024): Quantifying maternal reproductive output of chondrichthyan fishes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 81(10):1481–1494 https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2024-0031
Heim, V. & Bergmann, M. & Smukall, M.J. & Guttridge, T.L. (2024): Multiyear tourism-related feeding reduces short- and long-term local space use in a marine apex predator. Animal Behaviour, 217, 81–107 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.08.012
Higgins, E. & Bouyoucos, I.A. & Downie, A.T. & Illing, B. & Martins, A.P.B. & Simpfendorfer, C.A. & Rummer, J.L. (2024): How hot is too hot? Thermal tolerance, performance, and preference in juvenile mangrove whiprays, Urogymnus granulatus. Journal of Thermal Biology, 124, Article 103943 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103943
Huang, C. & Rice, J. & Richter, A. & Zhou, K.W. & Wang, Y. & Wei, C.T. & Pagani-Nunez, E. & Maleko, P.N. & Zhang, X. & Lee, T.M. & Liu, Y. (2024): Effects of fishery bycatch-mitigation measures on vulnerable marine fauna and target catch. Nature Sustainability, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-024-01422-7
Khan, A.M.A. & Barrowclift, E. & Xu, Y. & Hong, G.H. & Purba, N.P. & Pasaribu, B. & Dewanti, L.P. & Ismail, M.R. & Taofiqurohman, A. & Berggren, P. (2024): Satellite observed oceanographic drivers of Mobulidae fisheries catch in the Southeast Indian Ocean. Journal of Sea Research, 201, Article 102534 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2024.102534
Klöcker, C.A. & Albert, O.T. & Ferter, K. & Bjelland, O. & Lennox, R.J. & Albretsen, J. & Pohl, L. & Dahlmo, L.S. & Queiroz, N. & Junge, C. (2024): Seasonal habitat use and diel vertical migration in female spurdog in Nordic waters. Movement Ecology, 12(1), Article 62 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40462-024-00498-2
Kulka, D.W. & Miri, C.M. & Atchison, S. & Simpson, M.R. (2024): Sibling Species Amblyraja hyperborea and A. jenseni in Slope Waters of Eastern Canada: An Ecomorphological Description. Diversity, 16(8), Article 479 https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16080479
Machado, R.N. & Duncan, W.P. (2024): Morphology of the Digestive Tube of the Amazonian Freshwater Stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae): A Stereological Approach. Journal of Morphology, 285(9), Article e21771 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21771
Malthaner, L. & Garcia, X. & Rios-Mendoza, L.M. & Rivera-Hernández, J.R. & Cruz, R. & Amezcua, F. (2024): First Data on Anthropogenic Microparticles in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Juvenile Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks (Sphyrna lewini) in the Gulf of California. Fishes, 9(8), Article 310 https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes9080310
McDevitt-Irwin, J.M. & Chapuis, M. & Carlson, R. & Meekan, M. & Palmisciano, M. & Roche, R. & Taylor, B.M. & Tietjen, K.L. & Tillman, C. & Micheli, F. (2024): Coral reef recovery in a remote and large marine protected area is resilient to cascading trophic interactions. Biological Conservation, 298, Article 110771 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110771
Mejía, D. & Mero-Jiménez, J. & Briones-Mendoza, J. & Mendoza-Nieto, K. & Mera, C. & Vera-Mera, J. & Tamayo-Vega, S. & Hernández-Herrera, A. & Galván-Magaña, F. (2024): Life history traits of the pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus) in the Eastern-Central Pacific Ocean. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 78, Article 103795 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103795
Neal, J. & Rodrigues, S. & Denton, J.S.S. & Bronson, A. (2024): Skeletal labyrinth morphology of four species of living elasmobranchs. Anatomical Record–Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.25582
Nicklin, E.F. & Cohen, K.E. & Cooper, R.L. & Mitchell, G. & Fraser, G.J. (2024): Evolution, development, and regeneration of tooth-like epithelial appendages in sharks. Developmental Biology, 516, 221–236 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.08.009
Niella, Y. & Meyer, L. & Clarke, T.M. & Dennis, J.D. & Pederson, H. & Huveneers, C. (2024): Effects of wildlife tourism on white shark associative behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 215, 227–239 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.06.008
O'Connell, C.P. & Prasetyo, A.P. & Stewart, M. & Fahmi (2024): From where I belong: using mitochondrial DNA analysis to investigate the origin of a white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) captured in Indonesian waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 104, Article e75 https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315424000778
O'Farrell, H.B. & Babcock, E.A. & McCarthy, K.J. (2024): Bycatch mitigation for commonly caught shark species in the Gulf of Mexico reef bottom longline fishery. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 16(5), Article e10310 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10310
Oliveira, C.D.L. & da Silva, J.C. & Ladle, R.J. & Batista, V.S. (2024): Bioecological Attributes as Predictors of Global Extinction Risk for Marine Chondrichthyans (Chondrichthyes, Huxley, 1880). Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 34(8), Article e4238 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.4238
Park, J.S. & Horn, R.M. & Chen, H.Y. & James, K.C. & Passerotti, M.S. & Natanson, L.J. & Stock, S.R. (2024): Energy-dispersive diffraction tomography of shark vertebral centra. Powder Diffraction, 39(2), 69–75 https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715624000307
Pasti, A.T. & Bovcon, N.D. & Rincón-Díaz, M.P. & Galván, D.E. (2024): Trophic relationships of 13 small to medium-sized elasmobranchs in Central Patagonia, Southwestern Atlantic. Aquatic Sciences, 86(4), Article 106 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-024-01109-3
Pazzaglia, U.E. & Zecca, P.A. & Terova, G. & Serena, F. & Mancusi, C. & Raimondi, G. & Zarattini, G. & Raspanti, M. & Reguzzoni, M. (2024): Comparative Morphology of Skeletal Development in Homo sapiens and Raja asterias : Divergent Stiffening Patterns Due to Different Matrix Calcification Processes. Animals, 14(17), Article 2575 https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14172575
Perisic, N. & Hickerson, L. & Helwitt, D. & Norwood, D. & Shipley, O.N. & Bervoets, T. & Gallagher, A.J. (2024): Reef fish biodiversity and occurrence of endangered sharks within a small marine protected area off Sint Maarten, Dutch Caribbean. Environmental Biology of Fishes, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-024-01588-1
Pollom, R.A. & Cheok, J. & Pacoureau, N. & Gledhill, K.S. & Kyne, P.M. & Ebert, D.A. & Jabado, R.W. & Herman, K.B. & Bennett, R.H. & da Silva, C. & Fernando, S. & Kuguru, B. & Leslie, R.W. & McCord, M.E. & Samoilys, M. & Winker, H. & Fennessy, S.T. & Pollock, C.M. & Rigby, C.L. & Dulvy, N.K. (2024): Overfishing and climate change elevate extinction risk of endemic sharks and rays in the southwest Indian Ocean hotspot. Plos One, 19(9), Article e0306813 https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306813
Queiroz, A.P.N. & Feitosa, L.M. & Santana, F.M. & Lessa, R.P.T. (2024): Stable isotopes and vertebrae microchemistry reveal crucial habitats for three heavily fished coastal stingrays in the Western Atlantic Ocean. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 309, Article 108961 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108961
Reynolds, S.D. & Franklin, C.E. & Norman, B.M. & Richardson, A.J. & Everett, J.D. & Schoeman, D.S. & White, C.R. & Lawson, C.L. & Pierce, S.J. & Rohner, C.A. & Bach, S.S. & Comezzi, F.G. & Diamant, S. & Jaidah, M.Y. & Robinson, D.P. & Dwyer, R.G. (2024): Effects of climate warming on energetics and habitat of the world's largest marine ectotherm. Science of the Total Environment, 951, Article 175832 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175832
Roberts, C.N. & Meyer, L. & Hussey, N.E. & Davidson, B. & Cliff, G. & Huveneers, C. (2024): Integrated Fatty Acid and Stable Isotope Niches Reveal Trophic Connections Among Sympatric Large-Bodied Sharks. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 34(9), Article e4251 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.4251
Saigal, M. & Yi, H.N.S. & Rameez, N.A. & van Manen, S. & Van Anh, B.T. & Arora, V.P. & Han, K.D.M. & Lee, J.Q.T. & Syaddad, A. & Tan, C.K. & Lim, E.X.Y. & Wainwright, B.J. (2024): Beneath the surface: DNA barcoding of shark fins in Singapore. Royal Society Open Science, 11(9), Article 240532 https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240532
Santander-Neto, J. & Lírio, G.D. & Moreira, J. & Gadig, O.B.F. & Hostim-Silva, M. (2024): Chondrichthyian biodiversity in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 104, Article e76 https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315424000791
Schwartz, N. & Morick, D. & Azrieli, B. & Scheinin, A. & Tchernov, D. & Aroch, I. (2024): Serum chemistry, thyroxine concentration, and blood cell morphology of wild, young Blackchin Guitarfish Glaucostegus cemiculus sampled on the eastern Mediterranean coastline. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 36(3), 281–299 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aah.10228
Seymour, Z.T.A. & Monteiro, Z.L. & Monteiro, A. & Baremore, I.E. & Garzon, F. & Graham, R.T. (2024): Baseline assessment of the coastal elasmobranch fauna of Eastern Cabo Verde, West Africa. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 34(9), Article e4206 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.4206
Siqueira-Souza, M. & Amazonas, M.G. & Yamamoto, K.C. & Duncan, W.P. (2024): Remodeling of Uterine Tissues During Gestation of Potamotrygon wallacei (Elasmobranchii), a Neotropical Freshwater Stingray Endemic to the Negro River, Central Amazonia. Journal of Morphology, 285(9), Article e21772 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21772
Sisma-Ventura, G. & Herut, B. & Segal, Y. & Stern, N. & Makovsky, Y. & Rubin-Blum, M. (2024): Oviparous Catsharks Accumulate Mercury in Deep-Sea Brine Pool Nurseries. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00572
Tiller, I. & Penaloza, J. & Baeza, J.A. (2024): The complete mitochondrial genome of the leopard shark Triakis semifasciata (Triakidae). Journal of Natural History, 58(33-36), 1307–1319 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2350106
Venables, S.K. & Rohner, C.A. & Flam, A.L. & Pierce, S.J. & Marshall, A.D. (2024): Persistent declines in sightings of manta and devil rays (Mobulidae) at a global hotspot in southern Mozambique. Environmental Biology of Fishes, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-024-01576-5
Wetzel, C. (2024): Warm waters stop shark eggs from hatching. New Scientist, 247(3499), 16–16
White, W.T. & O'Neill, H.L. & Yang, L. & Naylor, G.J.P. (2024): Reallocation of the magnificent catshark Proscyllium magnificum Last & Vongpanich, 2004 to the genus Ctenacis Compagno, 1973 (Carcharhiniformes: Proscylliidae). Journal of Fish Biology, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15969
Williamson, M.J. & Tebbs, E.J. & Curnick, D.J. & Ferretti, F. & Carlisle, A.B. & Chapple, T.K. & Schallert, R.J. & Tickler, D.M. & Block, B.A. & Jacoby, D.M.P. (2024): Environmental stress reduces shark residency to coral reefs. Communications Biology, 7(1), Article 1018 https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06707-3
Yahya, B.M. & Couce, L. & Yahya, S.A.S. & Castro, J.J. (2024): Exploring the ecosystem structure of Zanzibar archipelago, trophic flows and fisheries interaction by using a mass balance modelling approach. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 78, Article 103802 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103802
Yin, Y.H. & Bowlby, H.D. & Benoit, H.P. (2024): A roadmap for generating annual bycatch estimates from sparse at-sea observer data. ICES Journal of Marine Science, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsae110
Extinct Chondrichthyes:
Blake, L. & Fursman, M. & Duffin, C.J. & Batchelor, T. & Hildebrandt, C. & Benton, M.J. (2024): Microvertebrates from the Lower Greensand Group (Lower Cretaceous) of Clophill, Bedfordshire, UK, and Nutfield, Surrey, UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 135(5), 493–517 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.07.002
Capasso, L. & Aziz, S.A. & Tantawy, A.A. & Mousa, M.K. & Wahba, D.G.A. & El-Kheir, G.A.A. (2024): The first described Onchopristis Stromer, 1917, (Elasmobranchii: †Onchopristidae) from the marine Maastrichtian of Dakhla Formation, Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 220, Article 105415 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105415
Costa, J.G.S. & Fortier, D.C. & Cisneros, J.C. & De Morais, V.F.S. (2024): Novos espinhos de nadadeiras de Chondrichthyes fósseis da Bacia do Parnaíba, Formação Pedra de Fogo (Permiano) no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. Revista Brasileira De Paleontologia, 27(1), Article e20240408 https://dx.doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2024.1.0408
Duffin, C.J. & Batchelor, T.J. (2024): A chondrichthyan fauna from the Vectis Formation (Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 312(3), 325–354 https://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2024/1217
Egli, H.C. & Hodnett, J.P.M. & Hodge, C.M. & Ward, G.V. (2024): Obruchevodid petalodonts (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from the Upper Mississippian (Serpukhovian) Bangor Limestone of northern Alabama, U.S.A. Historical Biology, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2024.2412139
Hoedemakers, K. & Marquet, R. (2024): Een profiel in pliocene en miocene zanden in de Van Ertbornstraat te Antwerpen. Afzettingen WTKG, 45(3), 83–89
Huttenlocker, A.K. & Douglass, R. & Lungmus, J.K. & Oliver, K. & Pardo, J.D. & Small, B.J. (2024): Report of a Diverse Vertebrate Body Fossil Assemblage in the Maroon Formation (Carboniferous–Permian), Eagle County, Colorado, U.S.A. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 90(2), 139–160
Malyshkina, T.P. & Nazarkin, M.V. (2024): Frilled Sharks (Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae): New Data on Their Diversity and Distribution. Paleontological Journal, 58, 567–577 https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0031030124600665
Migom, F. (2024): The genus Heterodontus in the Early Paleogene of the North Sea Basin and the Landes, France. Palaeo lchthyologica, 17, 1–60
Pollerspöck, J. & Shimada, K. (2024): The first recognition of the enigmatic fossil shark genus Megalolamna (Lamniformes, Otodontidae) from the lower Miocene of Europe and M. serotinus (Probst, 1879) as the newly designated type species for the genus. Zitteliana, 95, 1–9 https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.98.131387
Popov, E.V. & Lopyrev, V.A. & Yarkov, A.A. (2024): A New Genus of Kitefin Sharks (Squaliformes, Dalatiidae) from the Berezovaya Strata (Lower Paleocene) of the Lower Volga Region. Paleontological Journal, 58, 556–566 https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0031030124600720
Renaud, M. & Duffin, C.J. & Hildebrandt, C. & Benton, M.J. (2024): Microvertebrates from the Rhaetian bone beds at Blue Anchor Bay, Somerset. Geological Magazine, 161(e8), 1–14 https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756824000268
Parasites:
Ingelbrecht, J. & Lear, K.O. & Lymbery, A.J. & Bateman, R.L. & Norman, B.M. & Martin, S.B. & Fazeldean, T. & Morgan, D.L. (2024): Ectoparasites of the Critically Endangered Giant Shovelnose Ray Glaucostegus typus in the Eastern Indian Ocean, with a Summary of the Known Metazoan Parasites. Acta Parasitologica, in press https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00918-8
Vázquez, N.M. (2024): Copépodos parásitos de la tintorera (Prionace glauca) en el Mediterráneo Occidental: impacto potencial para el mantenimiento en acuarios [Parasitic copepods of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in Western Mediterranean: potential impact on aquarium maintenance]. Master Thesis, UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA
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MISCELLANEOUS:
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- Date: October 7, 2024
- Source: University of Southampton
- Summary: Global warming could increase the threat posed to whale sharks from large ships, according to a new study.
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- Date: October 22, 2024
- Source: Virginia Tech
- Summary: Biologists are working to save one of the most endangered white shark populations on the planet. The research team located signs of the remaining white sharks in the Sicilian Channel.
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https://youtu.be/FQACslHaZFA?si=wqXTYVLXufmvnUAr
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New IUCN Shark News Newsletter is out!
Download: https://www.iucnssg.org/shark-news.html
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